Wayosi

Hip dysplasia (HD) is a polygenic and multifactorial developmental condition, which basically means that multiple genes in combination with various non-genetic factors are involved in the development of the condition. Although the examples in this text focus on the two breeds we work most closely with, Airedale Terriers and Rhodesian Ridgebacks, the underlying biological principles apply across dogs, even if specific numbers and trends within breeds may differ.

Please note: This text aims to present the concepts in an accessible way and is not intended as a comprehensive scientific review. It does not include all relevant studies, and additional anatomical and skeletal factors that may influence hip development are beyond the scope of this text.

Figure 1: HD grades A (free), B (free), C (mild) and E (severe). Source: Mona Hansen

Heritability is the proportion of the variation in hip scores within a breed that is attributable to genetic differences. Genotype refers to the dog’s underlying genetic code, while phenotype is the observable expression of that code, influenced by both genes and environmental influences. Early research, including studies by Mäki et al. (2002) and Leppänen et al. (2000), estimated the heritability of HD to be approximately 30–40%. Krontveit et al. (2012) later evaluated four breeds in Norway and reported heritability estimates ranging from 20–30%. With data from more than 700.000 HD records across 74 dog breeds in the OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) open database between 1970 and 2009, Hou et al. (2013) found that heritability varied significantly among breeds, ranging from 10% to 60%. A more recent study by Oberbauer et al. (2017) that looked into 60 dog breeds having more than 1000 unique hip evaluations and 500 elbow evaluations from the OFA complete database with a total of over one million HD evaluations from 1970 to 2015, found that the heritability rates varied from 46% to 75%, depending on breeds. These differences in heritability indicate that HD is more influenced by genetics in some breeds than in others, suggesting that selective breeding has been more successful in breeds with higher heritability.

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) support this broader picture of HD as a complex trait. Kieler et al. (2024) analysed Swedish Labrador retrievers using GWAS, where they treated HD as a graded outcome across the full FCI A-E scale rather than a simplified affected vs. unaffected split. The study identified a single genomic region on chromosome 24 associated with HD, with associated SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) located in or near the NDRG3 gene. However, the effect size of this locus is small and explains only a marginal proportion of the total phenotypic variation. No dominant or highly explanatory genetic variants are identified, even within a large and relatively genetically homogeneous breed population. The study also reported a genetic correlation between body weight and HD, however this relationship was not attributable to a single shared genetic mechanism, highlighting that associations between traits are often complex and indirect. The authors estimated that approximately 36% of the variation in HD scores could be explained by SNP-based genetic differences, consistent with previously reported heritability estimates for Labrador retrievers. The substantial uncertainty in this estimate underscores that much of the genetic and environmental contributions remain unresolved, supporting HD as a polygenic, complex trait which cannot be accurately predicted genetically.

Selective Breeding and Estimated Breeding Values (EBV)

EBV (estimated breeding value) takes into account the data of the relatives of the dog and the population, leading to a prediction of the genetic risk more accurately than a single dog’s hip score. Hou et al. (2013) found little improvement in the EBV of Airedale terriers, suggesting that the selective breeding efforts in this period do not seem to have the same effect as in some other breeds. This suggests that the genetic heritability of HD in Airedale terriers may be lower, indicating that environmental factors play a greater role in HD development. Another aspect worth considering in this context is the Airedales’ estimated overall genetic inbreeding of approximately 40%, according to Embark. Low genetic diversity could slow the reduction in HD prevalence by narrowing the gene pool, thereby reducing genetic variability within the breed. 

For the Rhodesian Ridgeback, by contrast, the EBV shows a clear improvement, indicating a substantial reduction in genetic risk for HD over time. The breed has responded well to selective breeding, resulting in a clear decline in HD over time, which may indicate that the heritability of HD in Ridgebacks is high. The study by Oberbauer et al. (2017) suggests that the heritability of HD in American ridgebacks is over 50%, which correlates with the observed increase in EBV.

Calculations done by the Norwegian Kennel Club (NKK) in 2019 suggest a moderate heritability for HD among Rhodesian Ridgebacks registered in Norway at around 34%, meaning that around one-third of the variation in HD scores in Rhodesian Ridgebacks in Norway could be explained by genetics, while two-thirds could be explained by environment and random influence. 

A recent Swedish study by Hedhammar (2020), «Swedish Experiences From 60 Years of Screening and Breeding Programs for Hip Dysplasia”, supports that selective breeding efforts significantly reduce the HD prevalence over time, especially in breeds with a higher heritability. This study highlights the challenge of further reducing HD prevalence when the breeding population consists primarily of HD-clear, unaffected dogs. In such situations, the continued reduction in HD prevalence will be slower and more complex. Both Hou et al. (2013) and Hedhammar (2020) emphasise that, in populations already largely free of severe HD, the use of EBVs to further reduce HD prevalence is important to enable continued genetic improvements and reduce the incidence of milder forms of HD.

Because the overall inheritance pattern is not straightforward, the polygenic nature of HD makes it challenging for breeders. Dogs can carry genes predisposing them to HD without showing any clinical signs, especially if their environment has been favourable and helped protect them from developing the condition. This means some dogs with a genetic predisposition may still go into breeding if they do not show HD on radiographic evaluation. This could explain why we still have HD in breeds where only HD clear dogs have been included in the breeding programmes for decades.

How Hip Dysplasia Develops

Although all puppies are born with normal hip joint structures, HD develops over time primarily due to subluxation. Subluxation occurs when the ligaments around the hip joint stretch and causing the femoral head (ball of the joint) to no longer fit snugly into the acetabulum (the hip socket). Over time, this instability leads to abnormal wear and tear on the joint structures, which in turn can cause joint deformity, arthritis and pain.

Especially in early life, dogs with HD may not always show physical symptoms. Some dogs may not show any signs of lameness or discomfort even if the joints are radiographically abnormal. This makes detecting and managing the condition even more difficult for breeders and owners, also highlighting the importance of routine screening.

The Role of Exercise, Housing and Feeding in Preventing Hip Dysplasia

In a Norwegian study, Krontveit et al. (2012) found that exercise patterns and housing conditions during a dog’s early life significantly affect the risk of developing HD. The study found the following key insights:

• Early, low-impact exercise on soft, uneven surfaces, such as grass or forest trails, helps build strong muscles around the hip joint, which can stabilise it and reduce the risk of HD. These activities promote balanced muscle development, support joint stability, and decrease ligament stress.
• On the other hand, high-impact activities, such as running on hard surfaces or excessive stair climbing, were associated with an increased risk of developing HD, particularly in those with a genetic predisposition. High-impact exercises put stress on growing joints, leading to ligament strain and potentially worsening the condition.
• Restricted living spaces with slippery floors, such as tile or hardwood, were also associated with a higher incidence of HD. Puppies raised in environments that offered more space and softer, non-slippery surfaces (e.g., carpets or rugs) had a reduced risk of developing HD. Slippery floors make it difficult for puppies to gain traction, leading to awkward movements and increased strain on their ligaments and joints.

Body Weight, Growth Rate, and Nutrition

Several studies mentioned earlier suggest that puppies with rapid weight gain and higher body fat are at a higher risk of developing HD. Excessive weight places stress on the developing hip joints, which could worsen instability and potentially lead to HD. Studies suggest that a slower, steady growth rate helps prevent joint issues like HD, and to ensure this, a properly balanced diet is essential. The ideal ratio of calcium (Ca) to phosphorus (P) is said to be around 1.2:1 to 1.4:1, but never below 1:1 or above 2:1.

The Rhodesian Ridgeback is typically considered a large breed. Although the Airedale terrier is on the larger end of the medium scale, they often touches the large scale, which is often defined at 22-25 kg /55 pounds. Therefore, they might be placed on a large scale as a semi-large breed. If the Ca to P ratio is wrong, it can result in poor bone formation in the growing puppy and a greater likelihood of joint problems like HD and OCD (osteochondrosis dissecans) as they grow older.

Overweight puppies, especially in large breeds, are more likely to develop severe HD, as their joints bear more strain during critical periods of growth.

These studies highlight that it is important to manage the growth, especially in breeds known to be predisposed to HD, as it can reduce some of the environmental factors that contribute to the condition.

Physique and Hip Dysplasia

When evaluating for example Airedales and their physics, one could reflect on how their medium-sized (or perhaps semi-large) athletic build might influence the risk of HD. Airedales are not as heavily muscled as some larger working breeds, but would this mean that their musculature might not provide the same level of joint stability? Could this make them more susceptible to HD if not managed properly through exercise and diet? Or should it be the other way around? Because they are relatively light-weight, it shouldn’t put so much stress on their ligaments?

Public data from OFA and Nordic kennel club databases places the Rhodesian Ridgeback, with its large athletic build, as one of the breeds with the lowest incidence of HD with abnormal joints at 4,3% (OFA, US) and 2,6% (SKK, Sweden), comparable to similar athletic breeds like, for example, Siberian Husky, German Shorthaired Pointer and Dalmatian. Would this be due to their musculature providing joint stability, or is it simply a combination of favourable genetics and environment?

Data from OFA shows that Airedales have an abnormal joint prevalence of 12%, which correlates exactly with data from kennel club databases in Norway and Sweden. Are these statistics comparable to other continents and regions?

While some Airedales with radiographic signs of HD may not display physical symptoms, others might experience discomfort, stiffness, or difficulty moving. Their active and tough nature could potentially mask early signs of HD. This highlights the necessity that not only potentially breeding animals undergo routine HD screening, but preferably all dogs in a litter. I would also stress the need to obtain an ED X-ray and a spine X-ray simultaneously.

Interpreting Trends in Hip Dysplasia Screening Results

A recent report from Bäckmo (2017) on HD screening in Sweden, focusing on 22 breeds such as the German Pinscher and Standard Schnauzer, shows a significant increase in HD diagnoses since 2000, even though most breeding programs prioritise the use of HD-free parents. But most interestingly, in most breeds, this increase in HD diagnoses has not led to a higher prevalence of clinical symptoms, like mobility issues or insurance claims. Thus, this observation has raised concerns across Nordic breed clubs, prompting questions about the screening accuracy and whether it’s comparable to other HD screening programs worldwide. 

The report suggests that new digital imaging techniques and equipment, as well as variations in sedation during X-rays, may lead to an increase in diagnoses of minor abnormalities that were previously undetected. An important observation is that the hip joints do not seem to have become more dysplastic, but external factors are revealing more abnormalities than before. The report points out that the problem can be described as a distortion of the diagnostic scale resulting from systematic changes in imaging technology and sedation practices. In the original grading system, each diagnostic level operated within a relatively similar “bandwidth”. With improved image quality and more consistent sedation, this balance has shifted. The A-band has effectively narrowed, while the C- and D-bands have widened, meaning that the thresholds between bands have moved. As a consequence, hips that would previously have fallen within the normal range are now more often classified within the mildly or moderately dysplastic bands, contributing to the observed increase in recorded dysplastic hips without reflecting a true biological or genetic deterioration

The Swedish Kennel Club (SKK) published a report in 2019, “HD-utredningens slutrapport,” which reviews and evaluates HD screening, assessment and breeding practices in Sweden. It was initiated following motions from member clubs concerned about how health programmes and breeding strategies address HD. The summary states that “the analyses show, however, that the increase in the proportion of dogs with HD grade C has not been caused by genetic deterioration, as the genetic trends are favourable in many breeds.”

The figures below provide an overview of HD evaluations for Airedale Terriers (Figure 2) and Rhodesian Ridgebacks (Figure 3) in Sweden and Norway from 2000 to 2023. The columns on the left show the percentage of dogs examined and their respective HD scores. On the right, the solid lines represent the number of dogs born or registered in each country, as well as the total number of dogs evaluated.

The graphs include a third-order polynomial trendline (dotted line) for each HD grade to illustrate overall development over time. These trendlines provide a visual indication of general patterns but should be interpreted with caution, as they may be influenced by random fluctuations in the data. 

Notable trends, similar to those observed in other breeds in the Nordics, include a slight decline in HD A and B scores on average, while HD C scores have increased. However, the HD D and HD E scores have declined overall.

Figure 2: Airedale Terrier HD evaluated, born between 2000-2023 in Norway and Sweden. Source: Mona Hansen

Figure 3: Rhodesian Ridgeback HD evaluated, born between 2000-2023 in Norway and Sweden. Source: Mona Hansen

Figure 4 below from SRRS (Specialklubben Rhodesian Ridgeback Sverige) illustrates the prevalence of HD  (C-D-E) in Rhodesian Ridgeback from 2000 to 2020. The yellow line represents dogs diagnosed with mild HD (HD C). According to Hedhammar (2020), the prevalence of HD C has risen since around 2010, while the rate of HD A+B (mainly HD B) has decreased slightly. Still, the prevalence of moderate and severe HD (HD D+E) has remained fairly unchanged, and even decreased slightly.

Figure 4: Prevalence of HD in Rhodesian Ridgebacks from 2000 to 2020 in Sweden (source SRRS)

In my own experience, I have seen similar variations in HD grading across countries. For example, a dog evaluated as HD B/C in the Nordics was graded A2/B1 in Germany, further scored 2/4 in Australia, and evaluated as Good by OFA (US), highlighting the variability of evaluation systems internationally. According to the CHD scoring table below (Figure 5), these evaluations from Germany, Australia and the US are inconsistent with the Nordic (FCI) standard. This means that an HD C evaluation, especially in the Nordics, may not directly correspond to OFA borderline/mild or even HD C in Germany, as previously assumed. This inconsistency underscores the need for a standardised approach to HD evaluations, as it directly impacts breeding decisions and outcomes worldwide. In breeds with already limited gene pools, excluding dogs based on potentially mismatched grading systems may do more harm than good. On the other hand, when we see that the risk of HD in Airedale terriers is not decreasing as in other breeds, it raises the question of whether this breed has a higher genetic predisposition to HD, or if it is a matter of physical attributes or other environmental factors contributing to the development of HD.

Especially for the Nordic countries, we should use this information wisely. Based on this understanding, several Nordic breed clubs have updated their breeding recommendations to permit the use of dogs with HD grade C (without secondary osteoarthritis) in breeding, provided they are paired with a dog graded HD A, preferably radiographed in a Nordic country. A wise strategy in this context is also to limit the number of offspring such a dog should produce, in order to reduce the possible genetic contribution and to adopt a sound approach that allows more individuals to produce fewer offspring, focusing on maintaining or reducing the loss of genetic variation. 

Figure 5: Comparison of Canine Hip Dysplasia (CHD) scoring. Source: M. Flückiger

Hip Dysplasia vs. Other Orthopaedic Concerns

While hip dysplasia is a significant concern in many breeds, other orthopaedic conditions, such as elbow dysplasia (ED) and lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LTV), may present more immediate challenges in some dogs.

LTV Grading

Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LTV) are a spinal malformation where the junction between the lumbar and sacral vertebrae develops abnormally. According to Anu Lappalainen’s research in Finland, LTV could be classified into four different grades:

LTV0: No abnormal findings

LTV1: Divided sacral crest (S1–S3) or some other mild abnormal structure

LTV2: Symmetrical lumbosacral vertebra

LTV3: Asymmetrical lumbosacral vertebra

LTV4: 6 or 8 lumbar vertebrae

An important question is whether Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae (LTV), a condition affecting the spinal structure, could be a contributing factor in HD. Berg et al. (2024) suggest that LTV may induce HD by altering the body´s biomechanics, increasing the load on the hips and potentially leading to joint damage. Although there are significant differences among breeds, this study suggests that LTV type 2 and type 3 may be associated with the development of mild and severe HD. This raises an important question: could some cases of HD thought to be attributable to genetics result from LTV? The above mentioned study by Berg et al. (2024) identified Ridgebacks as one of the breeds with the highest LTV prevalence among 14 breeds, at above 40% incidence of LTV 1-3. In the Airedale Terrier, however, LTV is not widely screened, and only a few individuals have been evaluated for LTV in Finland and Norway, with results registered in Koiranet and INCOC.fi. 

Recognising the needs of various breeds and establishing a global standard for LTV screening could highlight this issue and improve our understanding of the true causes of HD. This knowledge can transform our perspective on HD, encouraging us to rethink the notion that it’s primarily linked to genetics and to highlight the importance of LTV screening as an essential component of evaluating HD risk in breeding programs.

Final Thoughts for Breeders

Managing hip dysplasia (HD) in Airedales and other breeds requires a careful balance of genetic and environmental factors. Polygenic inheritance makes it difficult to predict whether a dog will develop HD solely based on its genetics and lineage, especially when many dogs with radiographic evidence of HD show no clinical signs. However, controlled, low-impact exercise during puppyhood, along with maintaining strong muscles in adulthood, can help support joint health and reduce the risk of HD-related issues.

Additionally, it’s important to consider the impact that HD has on the dog’s quality of life. Many dogs diagnosed with HD through X-rays remain clinically healthy, showing no pain or mobility issues. We must weigh this against the genetic diversity crisis already affecting breeds like the Airedale and others. Disqualifying dogs from breeding solely on the basis of radiographic findings, without considering their overall health and contribution to genetic diversity, could exacerbate the issue. As the breed’s gene pool shrinks, breeders may face additional challenges associated with other inherited conditions. We cannot afford to “throw the baby out with the bathwater.”

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Note: The author is solely responsible for the initiative and content of this text. The author used AI tools like ChatGPT and Grammarly to enhance language and readability. After using these tools, the author reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the final publication.

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References:

• Krontveit et al. (2012). Housing- and exercise-related risk factors associated with the development of hip dysplasia as determined by radiographic evaluation in a prospective cohort of Newfoundlands, Labrador Retrievers, Leonbergers, and Irish Wolfhounds in Norway. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.73.6.838
• Mäki et al. (2002). Estimates of genetic parameters for hip and elbow dysplasia in Finnish Rottweilers. https://doi.org/10.2527/2000.7851141x
• Leppänen et al. (2000). Factors affecting hip dysplasia in German shepherd dogs in Finland: efficacy of the current improvement programme. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03130.x
• Oberbauer et al. (2017). Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172918
• Hou et al. (2013). Monitoring Hip and Elbow Dysplasia Achieved Modest Genetic Improvement of 74 Dog Breeds over 40 Years in USA. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076390.
• Kieler et al. (2024). Genome wide association study in Swedish Labrador retrievers identifies genetic loci associated with hip dysplasia and body weight. 10.1038/s41598-024-56060-y
• Hedhammar (2020). Swedish Experiences From 60 Years of Screening and Breeding Programs for Hip Dysplasia – Research, Success, and Challenges. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffvets.2020.00228
• Calcium and phosphorus – getting the balance right. https://vetfocus.royalcanin.com/en/scientific/calcium-and-phosphorus-getting-the-balance-right.
• Bäckmo, B. (2017). Observations regarding hip status and screening procedure in 22 dog breeds in Sweden. Report to the Swedish Schnauzer- Pinscher Club (not available online).
• SKK (2019). Svenska Kennelklubbens HD-UTREDNING – Slutrapport. https://www.skk.se/globalassets/media—funktionar/avel–uppfodning—funktionar/hd-utredningens-slutrapport.pdf
• NKK (2019). Sluttrapport, NKKs HD-prosjekt. https://www.nkk.no/getfile.php/132132664-1700141720/Dokumenter/Om%20NKK/Organisasjonen/Sunnhetsutvalget/Sunnhetsutvalget%20DIV/Sluttrapport%20HD.pdf
•  Nordic Kennel Union (2023). Information and statement from the Scientific Committee of the Nordic Kennel Union (NKU/VK) regarding hip dysplasia screening. https://www.skk.se/contentassets/1cbaa4a2cc93445eadf6eb8d813072e6/information-and-policy-regarding-hd.pdf
• Berg, L. (2024). Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae and its Relationship with Hip Dysplasia in Dogs. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106056
• Lappalainen (2014). Radiographic Screening for Hereditary Skeletal Disorders in Dogs. https://helda.helsinki.fi/server/api/core/bitstreams/c946aaf3-8f25-4408-ae27-884990a80c63/content
• Flückiger et al. (2017). Asymmetrical lumbosacral transitional vertebrae in dogs may promote asymmetrical hip joint development. https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.3415/VCOT-16-05-0072
• Lappalainen et al. (2012). Alternative classification and screening protocol for transitional lumbosacral vertebra in German shepherd dogs. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3403972/
• Nina Lindquist. Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LTV) in Rhodesian Ridgebacks. https://lumottu.net/?page_id=5874
• INCOC. Basis for LTV grading (lumbosacral transitional vertebra). https://www.incoc.fi/asiat/uploads/2024/02/Basis-for-LTV-grading.pdf

The Swedish Rhodesian Ridgeback Club (SRRS), in collaboration with Swedish breeders, recently updated its Breeding Strategies (RAS) to allow the use of ridgeless dogs (genotype r/r) in breeding under specific conditions. Read more about their “Strategies for Health and Long-term Sustainable Breeding.” Similarly, the Finnish Rhodesian Ridgeback Club (SRB) has supported the inclusion of ridgeless dogs in breeding programs for several years. These decisions aim as one of several measures to preserve genetic diversity within the breed, and especially the use of ridgeless dogs in breeding has sparked widespread debate around the world. We applaud forward-thinking strategies like those supported by the SRRS and SRB and, of course, embrace them.

Maintaining genetic diversity is crucial for the long-term sustainability of any purebred dog breed, and Rhodesian Ridgebacks are no exception. While the global population of Ridgebacks may seem large, finding suitable breeding pairs is becoming increasingly challenging. The prevalence of so-called “matador sires” – sires that leave a substantial genetic footprint in the population – has significantly narrowed the genetic diversity in the gene pool. When dogs appear multiple times in a pedigree, genetic diversity is lost. This narrowing of diversity generally increases the risks of hereditary diseases and weakened immune systems. In closed studbooks with limited genetic variation (in other words, most dog breeds today), it is vitally important to use as many sound and healthy individuals as possible in breeding, including ridgeless dogs and dogs that necessarily don’t fit into the “show prospect” category. 

By breeding ridgeless dogs to homozygous ridged partners (genotype R/R), breeders can produce litters consisting entirely of ridged puppies while also maintaining genetic diversity. This approach doesn’t seek to alter the breed, on the contrary, it makes sure that we maintain as much genetic diversity in the breed as possible and ultimately strengthen the breed in the long run. It’s important to remember that even full siblings are not genetically identical, and each individual dog will carry unique gene combinations that could be beneficial to the gene pool. 

Ultimately, any dog that is physically and mentally sound and healthy should be included in the breeding pool. Modellations have shown that one effective measure to maintain and minimize the loss of genetic diversity is to reduce the overuse of individual dogs and to avoid excluding healthy individuals. By implementing these strategies, breeders can promote more sustainable practices that prioritise health and long-term viability in the breed.

Take Navi, for example. She is a ridgeless Rhodesian Ridgeback who perfectly illustrates why this shift is essential. Although she was born without a ridge, Navi is still every bit a Rhodesian Ridgeback in her appearance, behaviour and temperament. She embodies everything the breed stands for in terms of physical and mental qualities, she could even be considered a superior example of a Rhodesian Ridgeback. 

For too long, ridgeless dogs have been excluded from breeding simply because they lack a ridge. This simple cosmetic feature does not affect health, character or suitability as a Rhodesian Ridgeback. Science shows us that there’s a better path forward. Breeding ridgeless dogs like Navi, with ridge homozygotes partners, ensures that every puppy in the litter will inherit the ridge, while the breeder also preserves valuable genetic diversity. It’s a win-win situation.

Forward-thinking breeders and clubs have already embraced this approach, recognising that excluding healthy, well-tempered dogs solely based on appearance is a mistake. Dogs like Navi are a testament to what we lose when we let looks take precedence over substance. Her lack of a ridge has never mattered to the strangers who admire her, the children she enjoys playing with or her family who loves her.

Breeding ridgeless dogs isn’t just a choice – it’s the definition of “healthy breeding, common sense”. To secure the future of the Rhodesian Ridgeback as a breed, we must focus on what truly matters. The ridge will always be part of the breed, but it shouldn’t define it. There is a better way forward – one that values the whole dog, not just its surface.

Perhaps it’s time to recognize that breeding dogs for cosmetic features is outdated and sooo “last year” 😉 

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Note: This text was initiated and written by the author, using AI tools to enhance language and readability.
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There’s much discussion in the Airedale Terrier community – and other breed communities, for that matter – about white markings on the chest, toes, or tail tip – often seen as imperfections. But before we rush to exclude these dogs from our gene pool, let’s take a closer look at what these markings represent and why excluding such dogs might be doing more harm than good.

Colour Genetics of Airedales

Airedale Terriers coat colour is primarily controlled by the agouti (A locus) gene, which controls the distribution of dark (black) and light (tan) pigmentation. The A locus is located on chromosome 24 in dogs, very close to the RALY gene, which has been identified to affect the saddle tan pattern.

In many breeds, the S locus controls white spotting and involves genes like MITF and KIT that regulate pigment distribution. However, in Airedales, the S locus is not associated with the small residual white patches occasionally seen on the toes, chest, or tail tip. Instead, residual white is believed to occur due to the incomplete migration of pigment cells in the early stages of development rather than to the genetic mechanisms responsible for more extensive white spotting seen in other breeds.

What is Residual White?

During early development, all mammals, including dogs, start as genetically “white.” Pigmentation occurs as melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) migrate to various parts of the body. Occasionally, this migration is incomplete, resulting in small, unpigmented areas, typically on the chest, toes, or tail tip.

Residual white can occur for several reasons and sometimes linked to minor environmental factors during pregnancy, while other times it appears randomly. These markings are relatively common and can vary in size and location, depending on a dog’s genetic makeup, but they don’t indicate any health or functional issues.

Although some dogs may seem predisposed to these markings, there’s no known inheritance pattern for residual white, meaning we can’t predict whether a dog will pass it on to its offspring. So, should these markings really be a reason to exclude a dog from breeding? 

Think about it: Does a small white patch impact a dog’s health, temperament, or ability to perform? The answer is no. Residual white doesn’t affect these important qualities. So why do we place so much importance on something that most likely doesn’t matter in the long run?

The Russian Fox Experiment: Could White Markings Link to Temperament?

In the Russian Fox Experiment, researchers bred wild foxes for tameness. Over generations the foxes became more friendly, but they also developed physical changes including floppy ears, curly tails, and white patches on their fur. These traits appeared as a side effect of selecting for temperament.

This raises an interesting question: Could residual white in dogs be linked to temperament? There’s no clear evidence that white markings in Airedale Terriers influence behaviour, but the fox experiment shows that traits like white patches can emerge alongside behavioural changes during the domestication process. In dogs, residual white could simply be a natural by-product of domestication and genetic variation, as seen in many breeds today.

It’s worth noting that the old Ridgeback breeders often said that residual white should never be bred out, as they believed it was linked to temperament. Could there be some truth to this, and could it also apply to Airedales?

The Genetic Crisis in Airedale Terriers

Airedale Terriers are already facing a genetic bottleneck, with a Genetic Coefficient of Inbreeding (gCOI) on average of 38%, according to Embark – an alarmingly high number. This shrinking gene pool directly results from inbreeding, and excluding dogs for minor traits like white markings will only worsen the situation.

Are we willing to risk the future health of our breed for the sake of minor cosmetic features? By focusing too heavily on cosmetic traits, we risk losing genetic diversity, which increases the chances of hereditary health issues. In fact, we are already seeing signs of lost genetic diversity in the breed, and health problems are beginning to emerge.

And no, breeding dogs with small residual white patches won’t turn Airedales solid white. The risk of white spreading throughout the gene pool is minimal. These markings occur sporadically and are not heavily inherited, and the number of dogs bred with residual white will likely be too small to have any significant impact. If residual white is indeed polygenetic or influenced by incomplete penetrance, it’s even less likely that the trait will become widespread in the breed.

So, Should We Breed Dogs with Residual White?

The short answer is yes, as long as the dog is healthy, structurally sound, and has a good temperament. Breeding dogs with residual white can help preserve genetic diversity, which is critical for the long-term health of the breed. In fact, these white patches are likely a natural part of the breed’s genetic variation and should not be dismissed lightly.

That said, it’s understandable that some breeders want to adhere to breed standards, which may limit the amount or placement of white markings. The key is finding a balance between preserving the breed’s conformation and ensuring genetic health. Instead of focusing primarily on aesthetic traits, we should place greater emphasis on what truly matters, which I’m sure everyone agrees is maintaining the breed’s health, temperament, and functionality to ensure its vitality for generations to come.

Diversity for a Sustainable Future

White markings are a natural part of the genetic landscape in Airedale Terriers. In a breed where genetic diversity is already at risk, excluding dogs based on minor superficial traits like white patches is not only unnecessary, but it also poses a threat to the breed’s health. Do we want to be the generation that narrows the gene pool further by chasing superficial standards? Or the generation that ensures a healthier, more resilient breed for the future?

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Note: This text was initiated and written by the author, with AI tools used to enhance language and readability. The featured photo is AI created. 
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References:

• Karlsson (2007). Efficient mapping of mendelian traits in dogs through genome-wide association. https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.2007.10
• Scmutz et al. (2007). Genes affecting coat colour and pattern in domestic dogs: a review. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01664.x
• Trut et al. (2009). Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.200800070 
  Dugatkin (2020). The Silver Fox Domestication Experiment. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12045-020-1014-y
• Coats and Colors. https://coatsandcolors.com/residual-white/

The Nordic Dog Mentality Assessment (DMA) tests are designed to evaluate a dog’s temperament and behaviour in various controlled situations. Called MH (Mental Behaviour Dog), BPH (Behaviour and Personality Assessment) or MT/FA (Mentality Test), the tests consist of a series of “moments,” or scenarios, that measure how a dog reacts to different stimuli, providing a comprehensive look into its personality.

Although MH, BPH and MT/FA are separate tests, they measure similar traits and behaviours. Some of the key moments in these tests include:

Playfulness: A dog’s willingness to engage in play, especially with a stranger, offers valuable insight into its openness and confidence. Playfulness reveals how relaxed the dog feels in unfamiliar situations and around new people. A playful dog is often more adaptable, social, and less stressed when exposed to novel environments. This is an important trait, particularly for family pets, as it indicates a dog’s ability to form bonds easily and enjoy social interactions, promoting a positive relationship between the dog and its owners or trainers.

When a dog shows eagerness to engage in pulling or interactive play, such as tug-of-war, it demonstrates not only its energy levels but also its drive and motivation. This willingness is especially important in working dogs or dogs used in sports, as it reflects their determination, focus, and cooperative nature. For service dogs, search-and-rescue dogs, or even highly active family pets, these traits are essential for maintaining motivation during tasks, training, or play. It shows their resilience and mental sharpness, making them suitable for roles that require persistence and physical engagement.

Social behaviour: How the dog reacts to strangers – friendly, indifferent, or cautious. This moment shows a dog’s sociability and level of comfort with unfamiliar humans.

Reaction to sudden stimuli: In this test, the dog is exposed to unexpected events like sudden noises or objects appearing. The way a dog reacts helps assess its sensitivity to environmental changes and ability to handle stress. A dog that quickly recovers after being startled shows resilience and adaptability, key traits for both everyday life and working roles.

In contrast, a dog that reacts with anxiety or avoidance may be more sensitive to stress, possibly needing extra training or careful handling. As a breeder, I will exclude dogs like this from breeding. The ability to stay calm and recover quickly is crucial for dogs in high-pressure roles, but maybe more importantly, as family pets and companions.

Courage and fearfulness: A dog’s courage is evaluated by presenting situations that challenge its confidence. These might include encountering a stranger dressed in unusual clothing or facing unfamiliar objects, such as large, oddly shaped items that appear suddently. The way a dog responds in these scenarios helps assess its bravery and willingness to approach or investigate something potentially threatening. A courageous dog may cautiously but confidently approach the stimulus, indicating that it can handle fear-inducing situations and recover quickly from stress.

Conversely, a more fearful dog might avoid the object or person, showing signs of hesitation or retreat. While some level of fear is natural, especially in situations that seem strange or intimidating, the degree of fearfulness displayed can give valuable insight into the dog’s emotional resilience. For working or service dogs, courage is crucial, as they may face high-pressure situations where confidence and quick decision-making are needed.

Curiosity: The dog’s curiosity is another important trait measured in these tests. When presented with new or unusual objects, sounds, or situations, the dog’s interest in exploring or investigating them reflects its openness and adventurous personality. A curious dog will approach and examine the new stimulus, demonstrating an eagerness to learn about its environment. This trait is linked to problem-solving abilities, adaptability, and a positive attitude toward new experiences – qualities that are highly valued in both family pets and working dog

For most dogs, a balance between caution and curiosity is desirable, showing the dog can assess risk without being overwhelmed by fear. For many working dogs, one would like more curiosity than cautiousness, and breeders of working dogs would often choose these dogs as their pick of litter for working and breeding.

Personality Traits and Heritability

Swedish ethologist Kenth Svartberg and colleagues have studied the results from these tests for over two decades and found that several key traits, such as playfulness, sociability, curiosity, and courage, are highly heritable. The research has shown that these traits can and will be passed down from generation to generation, making them crucial factors for breeders who want to maintain or improve their breed’s mental health and personality.

Svartberg’s work has significantly impacted dog breeding practices in the Nordic countries. Breeders can now use these tools to select dogs with desirable personality traits, such as calmness, confidence, and sociability while avoiding breeding dogs with excessive fearfulness or aggression. This research has led to more informed and responsible breeding decisions, resulting in dogs that are mentally stable and well-suited to their roles – whether they are working dogs, show dogs, or family companions.

Svartberg’s findings have also expanded the scientific understanding of animal behaviour genetics, illustrating inheritance’s important role in shaping a dog’s temperament. This means that a dog’s mentality is not just influenced by its environment but also by the traits passed down from its parents, making these tests a powerful tool for improving a breed’s overall mental health.

A BPH Test Result Explained

Overall, this test aligns well with what we know of this dog and suggests that it possesses the qualities I as a parent, owner,  working dog handler and breeder consider important.

Here are some examples of Wayosies doing DMA, and more videos can be found on my YouTube Channel.

Airedale Nani – BPH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3VzzgVbtDo
Airedale Vips – BPH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Sty72Ar514
Airedale Iagan – BPH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcpmfMp4ArM
Ridgeback Navi – BPH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4jVSIAYQUU
Ridgeback Buck – BPH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vxi7d5ot2L4
Airedale Uno – MH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVJFSlTADyg
Ridgeback Buck – MT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yv9rtELZmP4&t=8s 
Airedale Allie – MT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJzs3Vn2Y6s
Ridgeback Buck – FA: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yf4SQQTDYo

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Note: This text was initiated and written by the author, with AI tools used to enhance language and readability. 
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References:

• Svartberg & Forkman (2002). Personality traits in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168159102001211
• Svartberg (2002). Shyness–boldness predicts performance in working dogs. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016815910200120X
• Svartberg (2005). A comparison of behaviour in test and in everyday life: Evidence of three consistent boldness-related personality traits in dogs. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168159104002187
• Behavior and Personality Assessment in Dogs (BPH). https://www.skk.se/en/dog-health–breeding/bph–behavior-and-personality-assessment-in-dogs/
• Mental Behaviour Dog (MH). https://brukshundklubben.se/media/2zojm1xm/anvisningar_mentalbeskrivning_hund_engelska_2017.pdf 

Published on the Facebook group European Airedale breeders, September 26, 2024 (link) 

As the world changes, so do the roles we expect our dogs to fulfil. However, it’s crucial not to breed out the instincts that define versatile breeds like the Airedale Terrier. High-impact studies by Swedish ethologist Kenth Svartberg show that traits such as boldness, curiosity, and playfulness are highly heritable. These traits help dogs excel in traditional working roles and also make them outstanding family companions. Whether in hunting, obedience, working trials, agility, or IGP (formerly IPO) – where obedience, endurance, and mental focus are showcased – these qualities remain essential.

Historically bred for hunting, Airedales are known for their intelligence, drive, and stamina, making them exceptional working dogs in fields like Search and Rescue (SAR), detection work, and different types of protection work. Even though we may rely less on them for hunting today, their natural instincts still serve essential purposes. Traits like confidence, problem-solving, and focus make Airedales highly adaptable in working and family environments.

The Importance of Heritable Traits in Airedales

Kenth Svartberg’s research highlights that key traits like boldness, curiosity, and sociability are highly heritable and should be preserved through careful breeding practices. These traits are not only vital for working dogs but also make Airedales well-suited for family settings.

For example, boldness – necessary for navigating new and challenging environments – ensures that Airedales are not easily frightened by loud noises or sudden changes, making them calm and dependable at home. Sociability, another highly heritable trait, helps Airedales bond naturally with humans, allowing them to thrive in family environments, especially with children. These qualities, essential in working dogs, contribute to a mentally stable and affectionate family companion.

Breeding out their hunting instincts to make Airedales purely companion dogs risks losing the very traits that make them versatile and mentally stable. Instead of eliminating these qualities, we should preserve and adapt them to modern needs – whether in sports like IGP or as balanced family dogs. Their hunting background contributes to their boldness and adaptability, qualities that remain invaluable today.

The Role of IGP in Showcasing Working Traits

IGP (formerly IPO) is a well-rounded sport that tests obedience, endurance, tracking, and protection skills, showcasing the qualities that make working dogs like the Airedale so versatile. Contrary to the misconception that IGP is only about protection work, it challenges a dog’s ability to focus, follow commands, and handle stressful environments – traits inherited from generations of selective breeding. These qualities not only help dogs perform in demanding roles but also ensure they remain calm and focused at home, making them adaptable and well-suited to family life. Although some may misuse the sport, most trainers and handlers approach IGP with the right mindset, pursuing it as it should be.

In some countries, like the Nordic countries, IGP is not as popular as in Germany, where it has a larger following. Instead, dogs in the Nordics more often participate in agility, obedience, rally obedience, Nosework and the Nordic Working Dog Programme, emphasising precision, partnership with the handler, and various working tasks tailored to Nordic environments.

The Balance of Working Traits and Family Life

The adaptability of the Airedale is what makes them valuable as both working dogs and family companions. Traits like boldness and sociability, which Svartberg’s research shows to be heritable, contribute to a dog’s overall mental stability, allowing Airedales to thrive in high-energy roles while smoothly transitioning into calm and affectionate companions at home. A mentally stable dog is not easily disturbed by loud noises like gunshots or thunderstorms – qualities that make Airedales reliable and steady family pets.

In the photos below, you’ll see an Airedale female born in 2020. She is bold, curious, and playful – traits that make her an exceptional family dog. Her love for children runs deep, and she is endlessly patient. Fearless in the face of gunshots, thunder, or other sharp noises, she will protect her family when necessary but will sit on a stranger’s lap if no threat is present. Her strong hunting instincts remain intact – she’ll chase down a rat, hare, or even bay an elk if given the opportunity. Whether in Obedience, Barn Hunt, Nosework, IGP, Nordic Working Trials, SAR, or Agility, she’ll work tirelessly. She may not excel as a top-winning show dog – but why should that ever be a priority?

In the top right photo is a male Airedale born in 1979, with the fitting pedigree name Doctor Lavin, from the Kresent, Riverina, and Tintara lines imported to Norway in the 1970s. He was a loyal guardian until he passed at age 13. Bold, full of stamina, and drive, he worked as a SAR dog with my father and participated in numerous SAR missions, some of which resulted in locating both missing children and adults. He also kept the backyard of my father’s workplace at the Ambulance station in Oslo free of rats and stray cats and once took down a full-grown badger. He pulled my sledge as a child and accompanied us for miles on bike rides or horseback. He was a true versatile Airedale, never showing fear or timidity, no matter how stressful the situation.

A lot has changed over the past 40 years, but Airedales were always meant to be bold, versatile, and fearless. Unfortunately, many Airedales today no longer possess these traits. While the world has advanced with urbanisation and societal changes, our core expectations for dogs have remained unchanged. We still look for dogs that demonstrate intelligence, drive, and courage, whether they are working in the field, living as family pets, or taking on demanding roles like SAR dogs.

At the same time, modern life has brought new challenges and expectations. Today’s dogs need to be well-adjusted and able to thrive in environments full of stimuli – whether in busy urban areas or unpredictable outdoor settings. In addition, many countries now have stricter laws regarding dog ownership, making it even more important to breed dogs with stable temperaments. This makes mental stability more crucial than ever. A dog must not only be bold and brave but also adaptable and composed, capable of handling both work and family life with ease.

Breeding for Function

Some breeding programs have emphasised producing dogs that conform to a “perfect outline” based on breed standards. While breeders often claim to “breed for function” or focus on dogs that are “fit for function,” the reality is that in many cases, the emphasis on appearance has come at the expense of the breed’s original working abilities. Essential traits like boldness, drive, and problem-solving ability – the capacity to independently think through and overcome challenges – are sometimes overshadowed by the pursuit of aesthetic qualities favoured in the show ring.

Preserving the Airedale Legacy

As the Airedale Terrier adapts to modern roles, we must preserve the versatility and working qualities that have defined the breed for generations. Breeding solely for appearance, as is sometimes seen in certain breeding programs, risks diluting essential traits like drive, boldness, and problem-solving ability. Instead, breeders should prioritise these inherited qualities to maintain the Airedale’s legacy as both a working dog and a family companion. This balance makes Airedales so remarkable, and preserving this balance for future generations is crucial.

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Note: This text was initiated and written by the author, with AI tools used to enhance language and readability
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References:

• Svartberg & Forkman (2002). Personality traits in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168159102001211
• Svartberg (2002). Shyness–boldness predicts performance in working dogs https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016815910200120X
• Svartberg (2005). A comparison of behaviour in test and in everyday life: Evidence of three consistent boldness-related personality traits in dogs. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168159104002187

The story of the Norwegian Lundehund serves as a striking example of the outer consequences of inbreeding – an issue that many breeds, such as the Airedale Terrier, are dangerously close to. With a gCOI (Genomic Coefficient of Inbreeding) of, on average, 38%, Airedales are already one of the most inbred breeds in the dog world. While this figure is not as extreme as the Lundehund’s, it still raises serious concerns about the breed’s future health and genetic diversity. The Lundehund’s history remains a powerful reminder of the consequences that come with severely reduced genetic variation.

The Norwegian Lundehund, an ancient and unique breed, has a fascinating yet fragile history. Known for its extraordinary agility and physical adaptations, such as six toes on each paw, remarkable flexibility, and the ability to close its ears, it was traditionally used to hunt puffins along Norway’s rugged coast. However, by the early 20th century, as puffin hunting declined, so did the need for the Lundehund, and its population declined.

The breed faced its greatest crisis during World War II when a distemper outbreak wiped out the already small Lundehund population. By 1963, only six dogs remained, all closely related, leading to severe inbreeding. This genetic bottleneck resulted in an extreme lack of diversity, which is reflected in the breed’s current gCOI at 90%. This means that 90% of the genes within the Lundehund population are identical by descent, a figure far higher than many other breeds like the Airedale, whose 38% gCOI on average is still alarmingly high. For the Lundehund, this high inbreeding level has led to severe health issues, most notably Lundehund Syndrome, a genetic disorder affecting the digestive system.

The Rescue Plan: The Incross Project

To address these challenges, the incross project was initiated in 2014. This project aimed to expand the gene pool by introducing new bloodlines from related breeds, such as the Norwegian Buhund, Icelandic Sheepdog, and Norrbottenspets, while preserving the Lundehund’s unique traits. The primary goal of the project was to reduce the high levels of inbreeding, which were directly responsible for many of the health issues plaguing the breed.

According to recent findings summarized in a 2022 study by Melis et al., the incross project has focused on carefully selecting individuals from the related breeds to maintain the Lundehund’s key characteristics while introducing much-needed genetic diversity. The project has adopted a long-term perspective, ensuring that crossbreeds are reintegrated into the Lundehund population over multiple generations. Importantly, the initial results of these crosses have shown promising signs: early generations of crossbred dogs have displayed improved health, particularly in areas like digestive function and overall robustness, compared to the highly inbred Lundehund line.

Results and Ongoing Work

The early results of the first crosses have demonstrated increased genetic diversity and reduced occurrence of Lundehund Syndrome in the offspring. Furthermore, these dogs have largely retained the distinctive traits of the Lundehund, such as their flexibility and extra toes, proving that the incross project can maintain the breed’s unique characteristics while improving its overall genetic health. The long-term goal is to gradually reintegrate these crossbred dogs back into the Lundehund population, eventually lowering the gCOI and improving the breed’s resilience.

The project also highlighted several critical points for breed rescue:

• Genomic mapping has been essential for tracking genetic diversity and ensuring that introduced genes positively influence health.
• Crossbreed management is crucial; not every cross can be considered successful for reintegration, so selective breeding has been used to ensure the health and traits of the Lundehund are preserved.
• Collaboration between breeders and geneticists is key to monitoring health outcomes and making data-driven decisions to guide future breeding programs.

A Cautionary Tale for Other Breeds

Although the Lundehund remains rare and its gCOI is still significantly high, the outcross project has shown promise in improving the overall health and longevity of the breed. Breeders continue to carefully manage this balance, ensuring the survival of this remarkable breed while maintaining its distinctive features. Today, the Norwegian Lundehund stands as a symbol of resilience, with its 90% gCOI a reminder of its unique and endangered genetic heritage. Its story serves as a cautionary tale for highly inbred breeds like the Airedale Terrier, underscoring the need for careful genetic management to avoid similar outcomes.

This rescue effort illustrates how planned crossbreeding and modern genetic tools can offer a pathway to healthier future generations, not only for the Lundehund but for many breeds threatened by inbreeding.

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Note: This text was initiated and written by the author, with AI tools used to enhance language and readability. 
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References

• Melis et al. (2022). Genetic Rescue of the Highly Inbred Norwegian Lundehund. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/13/1/163

Published on the Facebook group European Airedale breeders, September 19, 2024 (link) 

Photo by Norsk Lundehund Klubb

Have you ever wondered if a dog’s appearance truly reflects its ability to perform the tasks it was originally bred for? The phrase “form follows function” is often thrown around in dog breeding circles, but how true is that today? In the world of modern breeds, we’ve seen a growing focus on looks over actual working abilities. Does a dog’s physical appearance really guarantee it can still perform the traditional roles it was meant for? Or are we seeing a decline in the true working capabilities of our breeds?

The Airedale Terrier was originally bred as a working dog, excelling at hunting otters and rats. Later, during World War I and II, Airedales demonstrated their bravery and versatility as messenger dogs, delivering vital communications across dangerous battlefields. They also served as Red Cross dogs, helping locate and rescue wounded soldiers. Their reputation as reliable, intelligent, and resilient working dogs was rooted in these roles.

Would today’s Airedales be capable of fulfilling these demanding roles? Are modern Airedales, many of whom are bred for the show ring still able to perform tasks that require the same level of endurance, intelligence, and versatility? While they retain the physical characteristics of the breed, do today’s breeding practices emphasise working ability and temperament as much as appearance?

This eye-opening piece by Terrierman aka Patrick Burns, who runs the blog Terrierman’s Daily Dose, dives into the divide between show dogs and working dogs, raising important questions about how breeding for the show ring may be harming the functional abilities of many breeds. By prioritising aesthetics over ability, are we creating “counterfeit” versions of once-reliable working breeds? Have Kennel Club standards deviated too far from what these dogs were originally meant to do?

Let’s discuss whether the obsession with appearance has led to the decline of working dogs as we know them, included the Airedale terrier. Share your thoughts in the comments!

Read the full article here.

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Note: This text was initiated and written by the author with reference in “Terrierman´s” article. AI tools was used to enhance language and readability. 
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Published on the Facebook group European Airedale breeders, September 19, 2024 (link) 

As someone born into this breed, I have loved and cherished Airedale Terriers for over 40 years. Over this time, particularly in the Nordic countries, I’ve observed a decline in the breed’s popularity and a worrying decrease in the population. People often tell me, “My grandfather used to have one,” or “We used to walk our neighbour’s Airedale when we were kids.” While I don’t seek mass popularity for the breed, the fading presence of new generations of owners and breeders presents a genuine concern. Increasing Airedale ownership and breeding would greatly benefit the breed’s future. How come, you might ask? Continue reading, and you will understand.

The Genetic Landscape of Airedales

This text aims to draw attention to the current state of the breed’s genetic health, including those from the working lines (German leistungszucht) that I have embraced for the past 20 years. Recent studies – including results from my own dogs, international data from Embark Breeder DNA tests and research by Dreger et al. (2016) and Bannasch et al. (2021) – reveal that the genetic inbreeding coefficient (gCOI) for the Airedale Terrier is alarmingly high, ranging between 30-40%, perhaps even higher. To put this in perspective, according to Bannasch et al., Airedales rank 11th in inbreeding among 227 breeds studied. This high level of inbreeding presents severe risks to the genetic health of our dogs

Why Is This Concerning?

Historically, our breed, like many others, has undergone intense inbreeding to focus on specific traits. The term “line breeding” may sound less harsh, but it is essentially the same practice as inbreeding, carrying similar genetic risks. This has reduced the breed’s genetic diversity, increasing the chances of inherited health problems. While Airedales are still relatively healthy in general, the high gCOI suggests we risk facing more significant health issues in the future – if not already today. Some inheritable diseases have emerged, including LAMP3 (Lethal Lung Disease), PLN (Protein-Losing Nephropathy), and Factor VII deficiency. If we continue on this path, it is not a matter of if we will see more health issues but when.

The Problem with Pedigree-Based COI

Understanding the limitations of pedigree-based COI (pCOI) measurements is crucial. For example, a 5-generation pedigree COI might show 0%, while the genetic COI could exceed 30-40%. This stark contrast exposes the weakness of pedigree-based measurements, which only account for known ancestors over a limited number of generations, often masking deeper inbreeding levels. In contrast, genetic COI provides a far more accurate and complete picture by analysing the dog’s DNA. To provide some context, breeding between full siblings results in a COI of around 25%, so a gCOI above 30% is highly concerning, as it is equivalent to repeated incestuous breeding over several generations.

One significant issue with pedigree COI is its ability to mislead. For instance, two highly inbred parents with a 25% pedigree COI could produce offspring with a 0% COI if their ancestors differ within the chosen generational window. However, this doesn’t eliminate the risks, as the recessive genes carried by the parents may still be passed down

Inbreeding’s Long-Term Consequences

Inbreeding’s impact is not always immediate but accumulates over generations, with the risk of eventually leading to inbreeding depression. This can cause reduced fertility, shorter lifespans, and an increase in genetic disorders. I believe that addressing this issue now is essential to protecting the future health of Airedale Terriers as a breed. Our breed has thrived for nearly two centuries, but with current levels of inbreeding, its future is in jeopardy, and the breed might not last for a century more, in the worst case, not even some decades.

The Road Ahead: Responsible Breeding and Genetic Management

The Embark Breeder DNA test measures genetic COI, a powerful tool for making informed breeding decisions. By selecting breeding combinations with lower gCOI and avoiding highly inbred individuals, we can preserve the overall genetic diversity still left in the Airedale breed and possibly reduce the risks associated with inbreeding.

We must also broaden our breeding strategies. Relying too heavily on popular lines or high-performing sires, whether for show or working purposes, can lead to a bottleneck effect. While these individuals are valued for their achievements, incorporating a wider variety of dogs with healthy genetic profiles is vital to the breed’s long-term health. Including AS MANY healthy and mentally sound dogs in breeding programs as possible will create a more robust gene pool.

The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) recommends breeding from the top 50% of any litter to maintain a sustainable population. Unfortunately, we are far from this goal, and acting now is critical.

The Ethical and Legal Responsibilities

A recent Supreme Court ruling in Norway, which banned the breeding of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels due to excessive genetic health risks, serves as a stark warning. If we ignore the genetic health of our dogs, we risk crossing legal and ethical lines. Breeding animals that are likely to suffer from genetic diseases is unacceptable.

Looking to the future

The future of the Airedale Terrier depends on us acting now. Expanding our genetic diversity through responsible cross-breeding could – or more likely WILL – become necessary to ensure the breed’s survival. While controversial to some, introducing healthy genes from other breeds and breeding back to the Airedale standard over generations will help maintain the breed’s core traits while improving its genetic health. If we fail to act, the genetic diversity of Airedales will become too limited, making it increasingly difficult to sustain a healthy population.

Moving Forward Together

I understand that this text – especially the part about cross-breeding – may lead some to question my commitment to preservational breeding. However, my goal is to ensure that future generations can enjoy our breed as a healthy, well-rounded companion. I encourage all breeders to test their dogs with the Embark Breeders DNA test (https://shop.embarkvet.com/products/embark-for-breeders-dog-dna-test-kit). Gathering comprehensive data on the global genetic COI across all Airedale lines will be invaluable in guiding our breeding decisions and developing strategies to preserve the health and vitality of our breed.

Ensuring our breed’s long-term health and wellness means placing genetic diversity and sustainability above short-term gains. We need to make informed decisions that prioritise health over appearance or performance. The stakes are too high to gamble on genetic shortcuts. By embracing modern genetic science, we can secure the future of the Airedale Terrier.

I urge everyone passionate about the health and sustainability of dog breeds to join the Facebook group” Rhodesian Ridgeback Health and Long-term Sustainable Breeding”. The author of this text is an active member of this group, and we warmly welcome owners of other breeds to join. We have shared scientifically validated information that could guide breeding practices and have had several good discussions. This is the place to join for those willing to acknowledge that the world is evolving or those still unconvinced but want to learn more. https://www.facebook.com/groups/rhodesianridgebacksustainablebreeding/

In addition, I would recommend joining the group “Inmönstring och inkorsning för bevarandet av raser/rastyper (Outcrossing and crossbreeding for the preservation of breeds/breed types)” aimed at breeders and breed clubs dedicated to increasing genetic diversity through methods like opening studbooks, cross-breeding projects, and other strategies to preserve their breed or breed type. There are many engaging posts and discussions, and I’m confident that anyone who joins will discover something new and valuable through participating and learning. https://www.facebook.com/groups/221130406747936/

Please share your thoughts and join the conversation. Feel free to share this post in order to reach more individuals. Together, we can ensure that our beloved breed thrives for generations to come.

Lastly, loss of genetic diversity affects a number of other working/hunting breeds, including, but not limited to, German Shepherds, White Swiss Shepherd Dogs, Boxers, Dobermans, Labradors, Rottweilers, Kelpies, Rhodesian Ridgebacks, and so on. I urge breeders of any purebred dog to read up on the genetic situation within their breed and learn about population-based genetics and responsible breeding practices.

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Note: This text was initiated and written by the author, with AI tools used to enhance language and readability. The featured photo is AI created. 
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References

• Dreger et al. (2016). “Whole-genome sequence, SNP chips and pedigree structure: building demographic profiles in domestic dog breeds to optimise genetic-trait mapping”.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5200897/
• Bannasch et al. (2021). “The effect of inbreeding, body size and morphology on health in dog breeds”. https://cgejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40575-021-00111-4

Published on my Facebook profile, September 11, 2024 (link)
Published on the Facebook group European Airedale breeders, September 11, 2024 (link)